Signaling pathways activated by L5 and Aβ in human platelets. Washed human platelets (1 × 10⁹/mL) were preincubated with vehicle (0.1% DMSO), TS92 (10 μg/mL), BMS-345541 (25 μM), or Bay1170-82 (20 μM) before the addition of L5 (25 μg/mL), L1 (50 μg/mL), or Aβ (10 μM). Platelets were incubated with Aβ for 6 minutes unless otherwise indicated. Western blot analyses of (A) IKK2 phosphorylation (p-IKK2), (B) IκBα phosphorylation (p-IκBα), (C) p65 phosphorylation (p-p65), and (D) JNK1 phosphorylation (p-JNK1). Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 4); P values were determined by using the Student t test. ***P < .001 vs the vehicle-treated control group; ##P < .01, ###P < .001 vs the L5+Aβ-treated group.