mtMPs were released from cultured neurons and glial cells. (A) Human glioblastoma T98G (A) and neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y (B) cells before (left) and after (middle) stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 or LPS (right) (bar = 50 μm). (A-B, top) Morphological changes; (bottom) levels of mtMPs detected in conditioned media from these cells before and after stimulations. (C) MitoTracker Green⁺ glial and neuronal cell microparticles that were annexin V⁺ detected by flow cytometry. The relative levels of annexin V⁺/MitoTracker Green⁺ T98G cells and SH-SY5Y cells that were also positive for GFAP and NSE, respectively (n = 3-5; 1-way ANOVA, *P < .011 and **P < .005 vs resting cells). (D) Levels of mitochondrial DNA in the supernatants of T98G and SH-SY5Y cells at resting and after stimulation with either A23187 or LPS (n = 3-5; 1-way ANOVA, *P < .001 vs resting cells).