Chemotherapy-independent emission of danger signals by malignant AML blasts. (A-C) Percentage of ecto-CRT⁺ (A), ecto-HSP70⁺ (B), or ecto-HSP90⁺ (C) CD45⁺CD33⁺ cells from 10 healthy donors (HD) or 50 patients with AML before (Prior) or after (Post) the initiation of induction chemotherapy. Median values are reported. NS, nonsignificant. (D) Correlation between the percentage of ecto-CRT⁺, ecto-HSP70⁺, and ecto-HSP90⁺ CD45⁺CD33⁺ cells measured in 50 patients with AML before induction chemotherapy. R, Pearson correlation coefficient. (E) Correlation between CALR mRNA levels and ATF4, HSP5A, or DDIT3 mRNA levels in 34 patients with AML before induction chemotherapy. (F) Correlation between CALR mRNA levels and ATF4, HSP5A, or DDIT3 mRNA levels in 173 patients with AML from the TGCA public database. (G) Circulating HMGB1 levels from 10 HD or 50 patients with AML before the initiation of induction chemotherapy (Prior), 12 hours after induction chemotherapy (Post), or at the reestablishment of normal hematopoiesis (Recovery). Median values are indicated.