Pam2-ODN protects against fungal pneumonia. (A) Survival of mice treated with high-dose chemotherapy, followed by nebulized Pam2-ODN or PBS treatment 24 hours before A. fumigatus infection (10 mL of 3 × 108 conidia/mL suspension nebulized over 60 minutes). (B) Galactomannan indices and (C) histopathology with GMS stain of lungs harvested 24 hours after the infection in A. (D) Quantification of the area staining positive for A. fumigatus in C. (E) Galactomannan indices of MLE15 cell monolayer cultures 24 hours after A. fumigatus infection (3 × 103 conidia per well) following the indicated treatments. (F) Galactomannan indices of MLE15 cells grown in coculture with FBL3 cells, 24 hours after A. fumigatus infection (1 × 103 conidia per transwell insert). (G) Quantitative PCR for A. fumigatus 18s rRNA expression relative to host 18s rRNA expression (RQ) 24 hours after infection in the presence or absence of chemotherapy. N = 10 mice per group for survival experiments; N = 4 mice per group for fungal burden assays. *P < .05 vs PBS treated; **P < .005 vs PBS treated.
