Identification and therapeutic targeting of aberrant stem and progenitor cells in MDSs. Diagram of MDS stem and progenitor cells demonstrates overexpressed markers such as IL1RAP, CD99, and TIM3. Overexpressed pathways include innate immune signaling pathways, Pak1, STAT3, and TGF-β signaling pathways. Various therapeutic approaches in development targeting these pathways are shown. ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CART123, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell 123; DAMPS: damage associated molecular patterns; TLR2PRR: TLR2-centered pathogen recognition receptor.