Timeline of human AML engraftment models. Historical timeline is indicated with immunodeficient mouse models used for AML engraftment. The panel below indicates the subtypes of AML exhibiting engraftment in the models along with the relevant references. Note that as the immunodeficient mouse models improved the engraftment of more AML subtypes was observed. APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; NK, normal karyotype; MISTR-G, RAG2-IL2R-γ null with human M-CSF, IL-3, GM-CSF, SIRPA, and TPO; MLL, mixed-lineage leukemia; NSG, NOD-SCID-IL2R-γ null; NS-B2M, NOD-SCID-beta2-microglobulin null; NSG-S, NSG expressing human IL-3, GM-CSF, and stem cell factor.