Establishment of a robust PDX model of CMML and JMML. Experimental schema employed by Yoshimi et al to establish and characterize the PDX model of CMML and JMML. Well-annotated primary patient samples from either the bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB) of CMML and JMML patients were used. Both human CD34-enriched cells (CD34+) and unfractionated mononuclear cells (MNCs) engrafted sublethally irradiated NSG-SGM3 mice after intrafemoral (IF) or IV injection. Survival and extensive analyses of the xenografted disease was performed. Secondary transplantation and in vivo drug (Rx) testing was performed. Path images courtesy of Andrea Marcogliese, Texas Children’s Hospital. The figure has been adapted from Figure 1 of Yoshimi et al that begins on page 397.