Comparison of dgRTA-, rRTA-, and rRTA-E177D–induced permeability. HUV-EC-C monolayer cultures and permeability measurements were performed as in Fig 3. Monolayers were either left untreated (n = 5; ○) or exposed to 10⁻⁷ mol/L dgRTA (n = 4; ♦), rRTA (n = 5; ⋄), or rRTA-E177D (n = 4; □). Permeability is expressed as the mean fluid flux ± standard deviation. Data are combined from two separate experiments. Statistically significant differences between the mean responses of treated and time-matched control monolayers are depicted as follows: *P < .05; **P < .01.