Inhibition of sickle cell adherence by band 3 peptides. The increased adherence of sickle cells above that of normal red blood cells, referred to as “abnormal adherence,” is arbitrarily normalized in the first bar. Shown in the following bars are the relative effects on this abnormal adherence of peptides 2f, 3d, 3d-D (an all D- isomer of 3d), 3dS (a scrambled sequence of 3d: LYPQHKT, and 7e). Concentrations were 25 μg/mL for 3d, 3d-D, and 2f, and 42 μg/mL for 3dS and 7e. Error bars represent corresponding standard deviations for the number of experiments indicated in the parentheses and asterisks indicate statistical significance at P < .001 (see Materials and Methods).