VLPs inhibit HIV replication in CD8⁻ PBMCs and MDMs but not in CD4⁺ T cells. CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁻ PBMCs, and MDMs were prepared as described in “Materials and methods.” CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁻ PBMCs were stimulated with PHA and then infected with X4 or R5 viruses. The infected cells were cultured in the absence (□) or the presence of 1 μg/mL VLPs (▪) for 7 days. MDMs were infected with R5 virus and then cultured for 10 days. Half of the culture supernatants was changed on the 4th day and the 7th day with fresh culture media alone. HIV-1 replication was measured by p24 antigen capture assay. Data show means ± SDs and represent 3 independent experiments.