HMGB1 accelerates early endosomal translocation of TLR9 in macrophages in response to CpG-ODN. (A,B) Wt (top panels) and HMGB1-deficient (bottom panels) IFLDMs (A) or PFLDMs (B) were treated with CpG-ODN-Cy5 (1018, 5 μg/mL) for 0, 5, 15, or 30 minutes. Cells were fixed, permeabilized, and stained with anti-TLR9/FITC and anti-EEA1/rhodamine. Confocal images were acquired by indirect immunofluorescence.