New vessel distribution in the skin flap. (A) The vascular distribution in the skin flap was observed in areas at every 2-mm interval from the necrotic edge. CD31 (red) is a marker for ECs, and αSMA (green) is a marker for mural cells. Scale bars are 200 μm. (B) The dashed line indicates the necrotic edge. The vascular area and vascular density per high-power field were determined from every 2-mm interval from the necrotic edge. Data are expressed as the means and SDs of each area.