Induction of CCR5 transcription by inflammatory stimuli. (A) mRNA expression levels of CCR5, HLA-DRA, and NF-κB p50 in human monocyte-derived DCs (DC) and human primary astrocytes (astro) after stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL) or IFN-γ (500 U/mL) for 24 (DC) or 8 (astro) hours, as determined by RT-PCR. CCR5 expression is not enhanced in DCs nor induced in astrocytes by either LPS or IFN-γ treatment, whereas NF-κB p50 expression is enhanced in DCs by either treatment, and HLA-DR and NF-κB p50 expression is induced in astrocytes by IFN-γ and TNF-α, respectively. (B) mRNA expression levels of CCR5, CIITA-PIV, and NF-κB p50 in human primary microglia (μglia) after stimulation with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) or IFN-γ (500 U/mL) for 8 hours, as determined by RT-PCR. IFN-γ or TNF-α does not enhance CCR5 expression in microglia, whereas expression of CIITA-PIV and NF-κB p50 is enhanced by either treatment. (C) Quantification of the PCR products. Relative optical densities (ODs) corrected for GAPDH expression are shown.