HIV-1⁺ patients developing IRIS and non-IRIS HIV⁺ controls display the same HIV-RNA levels and T-cell reconstitution in response to ART. HIV-RNA was measured before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after ART initiation (A). Proportion and absolute numbers of CD4⁺ (B-C), CD8⁺ (D-E), and regulatory T (F-G) cells were measured before and several months after ART initiation, as indicated. Open and filled symbols represent HIV⁺ control patients and HIV⁺ patients who developed at least one IRIS episode, respectively. The shaded area represents the IQR of the time of initiation of IRIS episodes. Dotted lines represent median values of the given measurements in healthy donors.