IRIS patients display higher levels of serum IFN-γ and IL-7 than non-IRIS patients. The cytokines, IFN-γ (A), IL-10 (B), TNF-α (C), and IL-7 (D), were measured in the serum of HIV⁺ controls (open symbols) and HIV⁺ IRIS patients (filled symbols) before and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after ART initiation. The shaded area represents the IQR of the time of initiation of IRIS episodes. Dotted lines represent medians of the given measurements from healthy donors.