The presence of monocytes increases survival of CLL cells in vitro. CD19-sorted CLL cells (5 × 105) were cultured in the absence or presence of the indicated numbers of monocytes in 1 mL of complete medium per well in 24-well plates. Survival rates of CLL cells were determined after 5 days of culture by flow cytometry after annexin V–PE/7-AAD staining by gating on lymphocytes. Mean values of 2 replicates of one representative CLL sample of 3 independently performed experiments are depicted. Error bars indicate the technical reproducibility and low variability of the assay.