High secretion of IL-2 and TNF-α by CCR6⁺ T cells in response to polyclonal or antigenic stimulation in LTNP HIV-infected patients in comparison to HIV-infected patients with SCD. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of LTNP or SCD HIV-infected patients were stimulated with SEB (A) or with a pool of HIV-Gag 15mer pool of peptides (B) for 12 hours in the presence of brefeldin A for cytokine production assay (see “Patients, materials, and methods”). CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells were then analyzed by flow cytometric analysis as a function of CCR6 expression for their production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α in the 2 memory subsets defined as T_CM (CD45RA⁻/CCR7⁺) and T_EM (CD45RA⁻/CCR7⁻). Results are shown as the percentage of cytokine secreting CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells expressing or not CCR6 and represent 5 independent experiments. Error bars represent SEM.