Cocaine-induced activation of ERK, p38 JNK, MAPKs, and PI3K/Akt pathways in HBMECs. Western blot analysis of cocaine-mediated activation of ERK (A), p38 (B), JNK (C), and Akt (D). Pretreatment of HBMECs with MEK (U0126), p38 (SB203580), JNK (SP600125), or PI3K (LY294002) inhibitors ameliorated cocaine-mediated activation of the respective signaling pathways. All data are presented as mean ± SD of 3 separate experiments. *P < .05, **P < .01 vs control group; ^#P < .05, ^##P < .01 vs cocaine-treated group.