Poly I:C–induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines is inhibited by non-CpG ssDNA-ODN in cynomolgus macaques. (A-B) Animals were treated intranasal with indicated TLR ligands. Nose swaps were collected at 24 or 18 hours. Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels were measured using Bio-Plex technology. (A) Levels of IL-12p40, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 were measured 24 hours after treatment. Data are depicted as box plots (range and median) with outliers marked as filled circles. Data in the poly I:C group and poly I:C + non-CpG group are from 3 independent experiments (n = 9 per group), while data in the non-CpG group and all data for MCP-1 are from 2 independent experiments (n = 6). (B) Levels of IL-8, TNF-α, RANTES, and IL-6 after 18 hours of treatment were measured from 10 additional animals. Dot plots display individual data, and mean ± SD is depicted. Significant differences between poly I:C–treated animals and animals treated either with ssDNA-ODN alone or in combination with poly I:C were assessed by nonparametric Mann-Whitney 2-tailed test and are indicated by *P < .05 and **P < .01.