Injection of TLR-Ls induces rapid, systemic expansion of neutrophils and reduced PBMC numbers. (A) Experimental design. Rhesus macaques (n = 3) were injected intradermally with the TLR agonists MPL (100 μg), R-848 (2 mg), and CpG-ODN (2 mg) at day 0. Blood was collected for analysis before injection and at 3 and 8 hours and 1, 2, 3, 6, and 14 days after injection. Inguinal (ing.) LNs were collected before injection (day −12, baseline) and the left and right axillary (axil.) LNs at days 1 and 3 after injection. (B) Kinetics of total numbers of neutrophils (red) and PBMCs (blue) in blood were assessed within the total WBCs by hematologic analysis. The PBMC subset represents pooled numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes. Statistical analysis of cell kinetics indicates significant change relevant to the baseline. Data are means ± SEM. *P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001 by t test. (C) Fractions of neutrophils (red), lymphocytes (blue), monocytes (green), and basophils and eosinophils (yellow) were assessed as in panel B. Each pie chart shows the mean percentage of the indicated cell populations within the experimental group at the indicated time points.