Cytokines that upregulate and/or maintain ectoenzymes on human ILC3. Cell surface expression of CD39 and CD73 on tonsillar NKp44⁺ ILC3 (A) and tonsillar NKp44⁻ ILC3 (B) freshly isolated; after exposure to no cytokines (medium condition); IL-2 alone; IL-2 and IL-1β; IL-2 and RA for 3 days. Contour plots are representative of 3 independent experiments, including experimental duplicates. (C) Quantification of CD39 and CD73 coexpression on tonsillar NKp44⁺ ILC3 after 3 days of exposure with mediators. Data represent at least 4 independent experiments, including duplicates. Error bars show SEM, and horizontal bars show means. *P < .05 as determined by 1-way analysis of variance or Student t test.