Localization of PfGARP in P falciparum–infected human erythrocytes. (A) PfGARP was detected in trophozoite and schizont stages of parasite infection but not in the ring stage. PfGARP appears as a punctate pattern particularly enriched at the erythrocyte periphery during the schizont stage of parasite development. White arrowhead shows exported PfGARP outside of the parasitophorous vacuole, consistent with the presence of a Plasmodium export element motif. (B) PfGARP colocalized with band 3 but not with MSP1, a merozoite surface protein. (C) Live parasite IF analysis suggesting that the PfGARP signal is detected on the surface of infected erythrocytes (upper panels). IF analysis under nonpermeabilizing conditions further suggests the surface localization of PfGARP (lower panels) (original magnification ×60).