Knockdown of GMFG promotes M2 macrophage polarization. (A-F) BMDMs were transfected with control siRNA (Ctrl) or GMFG siRNA for 48 hours, then stimulated without (M0) or with M1 (LPS/IFN-γ) or M2 (IL-4/IL-13) macrophage inducers for 24 hours. Bar graphs represent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of mean relative mRNA expression of M2 (A-E) or M1 (F) macrophage marker genes normalized to 18S mRNA expression. (G-I) qPCR analysis of mean relative mRNA expression of M2 macrophage marker genes in BMDMs transfected with control siRNA or GMFG siRNA for 48 hours, followed by cotransfection of GFP vector or GMFG-GFP plasmid for another 24 hours, then stimulated without (M0) or with M2 macrophage inducers for 24 hours, normalized to 18S mRNA expression. Data represent the mean ± standard deviation of at least 3 independent experiments. *P < .05 compared with control siRNA-transfected cells.