CD1a CARTs specifically target and eliminate in vitro CD1a⁺ T-ALL blasts from primary samples or PDX models. (A) Expression of CD1a vs CD7 in coT-ALL blasts from primary patients/primografts. The percentage of CD1a⁺ blasts is indicated. (B) Cytotoxicity (in absolute counts of eFluor-positive cells) measured by using FACS in 48-hour cytotoxicity assays at a 4:1 E:T ratio (n = 3). (C) Representative FACS analysis of CD1a (shown in blue) within the eFluor-labeled target cells at the end of the cytotoxicity assay, revealing specificity of CD1a CARTs (n = 3). (D) High-level production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by CD1a CARTs analyzed according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (n = 3 independent supernatants) in 16-hour assays at a 4:1 E:T ratio. *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001, ****P < .0001.