Morphine (MS) increases IL-6 and TNFα levels in serum and their secretion from RECs of sickle mice. Proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 (A-B) and TNFα (C-D) increased in serum of NY1DD sickle mice after MS treatment for 15 months (A,C) or conditioned medium from NY sickle RECs after MS treatment for 48 hours (B,D). All values are mean ± SEM for 3 mice per group or 3 independent experiments with RECs performed in triplicate. Significance was determined by 1-way analysis of variance, Dunnet’s multiple comparisons.