Directly activated MoDCs induce both Th1 and Th2 responses, regardless of the invasiveness of bacteria, whereas indirectly activated MoDCs induce only Th2 responses. Intracellular cytokine staining for IFN-γ and IL-4 of naive CD4⁺ allogeneic T cells incubated for 5 days with MoDCs, either nonconditioned and then incubated with bacteria (medium conditioned, top row), or treated as in situation a (middle row) or b (bottom row). Bacteria used: L plantarum LP, invasive SL-WT, and noninvasive SL-InvA. This is representative of 4 independent experiments. Numbers indicate the percentage of positive cells per quadrant. SN and sn indicate supernatant.