Daunorubicin triggers both apoptotic and survival pathways.

DNR indicates daunorubicin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SM, sphingomyelin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; SMase, sphingomyelinase; PC-PLC, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C; DAG, diacylglycerol; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; AP-1, activated protein-1; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB.