Effect of signaling inhibitors on the PlGF-induced release of chemokines in THP-1 monocytes. THP-1 monocytes (1 × 10⁶/mL) were treated with various pharmacologic inhibitors for 30 minutes. THP-1 cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing a dominant-negative (DN) mutant of AKT (DNAKT) and a dominant-negative mutant PI3 kinase (DNM-Δp85) as described in “Materials and methods.” The cells were then treated with PlGF for 4 hours, and the cell-free supernatant was collected and analyzed for the release of (A) MIP-1β, (B) MCP-1, and (C) IL-8. Data are expressed as means ± SD of n = 3.