Induction of antiviral genes (Mx-1, Oas-1, IFIT1, Ada, and EBI3) by MCs. Bar graphs display expression of antiviral genes selected from Figure 3A (2 hours; □) and Figure 3B (6 hours; ▪), in human MCs stimulated by LPS in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. It should be noted that EBI3 and Ada were up-regulated by LPS alone, whereas Mx1, Oas-1, and IFIT 1 were up-regulated by IFN-γ pretreatment and the expression levels were sustained by addition of LPS at 6 hours. As a positive control, PBMNCs were stimulated by LPS for 6 hours (▪). Expression levels are shown as normalized values (“Materials and methods”). ND indicates not determined.