Representative flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood from NOG mice after HSC transplantation. Four weeks after the transplantation, less than 2% of the cells were human CD45, in which CD33⁺ myeloid cells were predominant, and CD19⁺ B cells and CD56⁺ NK cells were also present. Twelve weeks after the transplantation, more than 40% cells were replaced by human CD45⁺ cells, among which abundant human CD3⁺ T cells were identified.