CCL1 induces MMP-2 mRNA in VSMCs. Total RNA was obtained from VSMCs or from human embryonic kidney cells, and the reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using MMP-2 and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) oligonucleotide primers as detailed in “Materials and methods.” Lane 1 shows no RNA control; lane 2, RNA from VSMCs incubated with DMEM; lane 3, RNA from VSMCs incubated 3 hours with 150 ng/mL CCL1; and lane 4, RNA from human embryonic kidney cells. G3PDH was used as an internal control.