Up-regulation of differentiation and activation surface markers in monocyte-derived DCs from CML patients cultivated in the presence of IFN-α/GM-CSF. Comparison with the effects induced by IL-4/GM-CSF. Freshly isolated monocytes were prepared from CML patients at diagnosis as described in “Materials and methods.” Cells were treated with cytokines as described in “Materials and methods” and, after 3 days of culture, stained with immunofluorescent antibodies to the indicated antigens and analyzed by flow cytometry. Each solid or empty dot represents the percentage of antigen-positive cells in DC cultures derived from a single patient, generated from monocytes after treatment with GM-CSF and either IFN-α or IL-4. Horizontal bars represent the mean values (P values were the following: CD80, P < .001; CD86, P < .02; CD40, P < .001; HLA-DR, P < .005; CD83, P < .02; CCR5, P < .01).