Effect of chlorogenic acid (Chl) and its sodium salt (NaChl) on Bcr-Abl–positive and –negative cells. (A) K562 and Molt 4 cells were cultured in medium (•) or with graded concentrations of Chl (10 μg/mL, ▵; 25 μg/mL, □) for indicated times, and viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion test. (B) Cells were cultured with NaChl (medium, •; 5 μg/mL NaChl, ▵; 10 μg/mL NaChl, □). (C) Mononuclear cells from 3 Bcr-Abl–positive and 1 Bcr-Abl–negative CML patient were cultured in medium containing rhGM-CSF (⋄) or with the same medium containing NaChl (5 μg/mL, ▵; 10 μg/mL, □). (D) Squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2) and salivary gland tumor cell line (HSG) were cultured in the absence (•) or presence of varying concentrations of NaChl (100 μg/mL, ▵; 250 μg/mL, ▴; 500 μg/mL, ▪). (E) Indicated cells were cultured with varying concentrations of NaChl for 4 days and viability was determined. (F) K562 cells embedded in Matrigel were staged in nude mice until tumors reached 200 to 300 mm³. PBS (•) and NaChl (25 mg/kg, □; 100 mg/kg, ▵; 150 mg/kg, ○) were administered intraperitoneally once a day for 10 days. (G) Morphologic changes of K562 cells after 24 hours of treatment with 5.0 μg/mL NaChl (phase contrast micrographs, × 400 using Olympus CK40 microscope and Olympus SC35 Type 12 camera). Error bars denote standard deviation of 3 experiments.