Effects of proinflammatory cytokines on DC-derived osteoclast formation. (A) Counts of TRAP⁺ DC-derived MGCs in different culture conditions. DCs treated with M-CSF and RANKL alone as control (□) or in combination with TNF-α (▦) or IL-1α (▪). Means ± SD of 3 experiments. (B) MGCs derived from DCs, after 13 days in the same culture conditions (original magnification × 100). (C) Dentine resorption by DC-derived MGCs obtained in the same culture conditions. Percentages of total dentine slice surface resorbed are indicated on each photograph.