ART-free suppression of SHIV viremia following CD4CAR T-cell therapy. In each panel, animal A15104 is blue, A15112 is green, A15106 is purple, and A15108 is red. (A) Longitudinal plasma viral loads in animal A15104 and animal A15112 (Group 1) and animal A15106 and animal A15108 (Group 2). Gray boxes represent the >1 year duration of ART suppression. (B) Time to detectable SHIV rebound after ART withdrawal. Colored circles correspond to color codes in panel A. Black circles represent control animals that were infected with the same SHIV and suppressed for >1 year but did not receive CAR T cells or Env boost (P = .014 calculated by using the Mann-Whitney test). (C) Overlays of plasma viral load and total CAR T-cell frequency for each animal. Stars indicate plasma viral load values detected only in 1 of 2 assay replicates, and horizontal dotted line indicates limit of detection for plasma viral load assay (30 copies/mL). Detectable rebound is defined as a sample with a value >30 copies/mL in both replicate polymerase chain reaction reactions. In panels A and C, white circles represent CD4CAR T-cell administration; gray circles, Env boosting; and black circles, ART withdrawal.