Graph of the Impact of Induction Chemotherapy on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) that Ultimately Relapses. With treatment, there can be an initial decrease in the quantity and diversity of leukemia stem cells (LSCs), but at the time of relapse, the quantity and diversity of LSCs is greater than at the time of initial diagnosis, supporting the hypothesis that induction chemotherapy results in teh iatrogenic worsening of AML. (Figure adapted with persmission, courtesy of Shanshan Pei, PhD.)