Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of ADAMTS13 Demonstrate a Conformational Response to Substrate Binding in Solution

Abstract 1191

The metalloprotease ADAMTS13 inhibits the growth of platelet thrombi by cleaving the Tyr¹⁶⁰⁵-Met¹⁶⁰⁶ peptide bond in the A2 domain of von Willerbrand factor (VWF). Previous studies have shown that when subjected to tensile stress in solution, bound to platelets, or on endothelial cell surfaces, VWF changes conformation and interacts with multiple exosites on ADAMTS13 through a combination of structural features. These close contacts enhance the highly specific interaction between ADAMTS13 and VWF in vivo. Like VWF, ADAMTS13 is a large multidomain protein that could be regulated by large-scale conformational changes induced by substrate binding. Here we report the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to study the structure of ADAMTS13 and its interactions with VWF peptides in solution.

ADAMTS13 truncated after the spacer domain, consisting of metalloprotease (M), disintegrin-like (D), thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1, T), Cys-rich (C) and spacer (S) domains (MDTCS), was produced in either T-Rex 293 cells (MDTCS-t) or HEK293S GNTI cells (MDTCS-g). GNTI cells do not have N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity and expressed proteins lack complex N-glycans. In addition, a variant with the mutation E225Q in the M domain was produced in T-Rex 293 cells (MqDTCS-t). Construct MqDTCS-t lacks enzymatic activity but binds normally to VWF. Two VWF peptides were prepared: cVWF63 is a C-terminal A2 domain cleavage product consisting of VWF residues Met¹⁶⁰⁶-Arg¹⁶⁶⁸, and VWF71 consists of VWF residues Gln¹⁵⁹⁹-Arg¹⁶⁶⁸ with an additional Gly at the N-terminus. SAXS data were collected at the SIBYLS beamline (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) for MDTCS variants without and with bound cVWF63 or VWF71. The quality of the SAXS data was evaluated by comparison to an atomic model of ADAMTS13. The M domain was modeled on ADAMTS4, DTCS domains were from the corresponding crystal structure (PDB: 3ghm).

The addition of N-glycans to the atomic structure with GLYPROT improved the agreement with experimental scattering profiles determined with CRYSOL, achieving excellent values of X (Chi) < 2.0 (Table 1). Low resolution ab initio solution structures for MDTCS-g were generated from scattering profiles using DAMMIN, averaged (n = 15) using DAMAVER and superimposed on the atomic structure of MDTCS, which also demonstrated excellent agreement (Figure 1. M at top, S at bottom. Views differ by 90° rotation). Pair distance distribution functions were obtained from scattering profiles using DATGNOM. As shown in Figure 2 for MDTCS-g and MqDTCS-t, the entire pair distance distribution shifts upon binding of cVWF63 with a decrease in the maximum particle dimension (D_max) from 143 angstroms to 132 angstroms, and 148 angstroms to 141 angstroms, respectively, indicating that bound product constrains the conformation of the enzyme. Binding of VWF71 to MqDTCS-t gave similar results.

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Figure 1.

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Ab initio model of MDTCS-g.

Figure 1.

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Ab initio model of MDTCS-g.

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Figure 2.

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Pair distance distribution function of MDTCS with or without cVWF63.

Figure 2.

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Pair distance distribution function of MDTCS with or without cVWF63.

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These results show that SAXS clearly distinguishes the structure of ADAMTS13 with or without bound product or substrate analog. ADAMTS13 domains distal to the spacer domain also contribute to VWF binding, and stepwise addition of these TSP-1 and CUB domains to MDTCS will allow the visualization of conformational changes induced by interaction with larger substrate analogs, and construction of a model for a physiologically relevant enzyme-substrate complex.