![A 14-year-old African American adolescent boy presented with a 20-lb weight loss, malaise, and arthralgia. Physical examination was unremarkable. CBC showed pancytopenia with a hemoglobin level of 7.9 g/dL, leukocytes 1.2 × 109/L, and platelets 137 × 109/L. Peripheral smear showed occasional dacrocytes and schistocytes. Other testing showed a creatinine level of 1.3 mg/dL, 1+ proteinurea, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 99, iron level of 48 μg/dL, transferrin level of 114 mg/dL, and ferritin level of 1200 ng/mL. The bone marrow was mildly hypocellular, with erythroid hypoplasia, left-shifted granulopoiesis, and no evidence of malignancy. A bone marrow core biopsy was stained with (panel A) hematoxylin and eosin or (panel B) Prussian blue, indicating iron-laden macrophages. Titers of several autoantibodies were elevated, and a renal biopsy revealed nephritis. The final diagnosis was mixed connective tissue disease. / Macrophage iron accumulation occurs in numerous inflammatory states including autoimmune disease, cancer, and infection. Cytokines, including interleukins 6 and 22 and type I interferon, stimulate hepatic secretion of hepcidin, a peptide hormone that binds the iron exporter ferroportin and induces its degradation in macrophages and enterocytes (panel C, from Figure 1 in Andrews NC. Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology. Blood. 2008;112[2]:219-230). The net result is accumulation of iron in macrophages and impaired gut iron absorption. Consequently, iron availability for erythropoiesis is reduced, contributing to anemia of inflammation.](https://ash.silverchair-cdn.com/ash/content_public/journal/blood/123/4/10.1182_blood-2013-10-531954/4/m_469f1.jpeg?Expires=1735816031&Signature=oeOUrc5upRHf1~m4GCPkL9-oy8I9Z4iBKQlofpHOxrgtPUxHgDQSjljJ1IvWPgpfyuwAC3aUSH687lBl5AEwfUdPE5vPe47OX351glfWvIVkyxrAGDLpwNs2uTtpYZaeiKK73N8sQTjeuyf3yKTMvlSK9A8Khqvqhbt~qnGNmXMBOKSUnCjpvrWVN0qaaDbI3ZEkh7zXIzYvAvZSpGaVG5JBimxLiO8UVAjrMcSj4c9yx0jxk78R59-k5JXSZ1MW3LEo6aRs2vsduDRylDq19KE6X69B7FCaSC-UpddieI5pmQqDjnqlwdEHB2BO9Qr1gczYQRn85wzm34vm9kEE-A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
A 14-year-old African American adolescent boy presented with a 20-lb weight loss, malaise, and arthralgia. Physical examination was unremarkable. CBC showed pancytopenia with a hemoglobin level of 7.9 g/dL, leukocytes 1.2 × 109/L, and platelets 137 × 109/L. Peripheral smear showed occasional dacrocytes and schistocytes. Other testing showed a creatinine level of 1.3 mg/dL, 1+ proteinurea, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 99, iron level of 48 μg/dL, transferrin level of 114 mg/dL, and ferritin level of 1200 ng/mL. The bone marrow was mildly hypocellular, with erythroid hypoplasia, left-shifted granulopoiesis, and no evidence of malignancy. A bone marrow core biopsy was stained with (panel A) hematoxylin and eosin or (panel B) Prussian blue, indicating iron-laden macrophages. Titers of several autoantibodies were elevated, and a renal biopsy revealed nephritis. The final diagnosis was mixed connective tissue disease.
Macrophage iron accumulation occurs in numerous inflammatory states including autoimmune disease, cancer, and infection. Cytokines, including interleukins 6 and 22 and type I interferon, stimulate hepatic secretion of hepcidin, a peptide hormone that binds the iron exporter ferroportin and induces its degradation in macrophages and enterocytes (panel C, from Figure 1 in Andrews NC. Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology. Blood. 2008;112[2]:219-230). The net result is accumulation of iron in macrophages and impaired gut iron absorption. Consequently, iron availability for erythropoiesis is reduced, contributing to anemia of inflammation.
A 14-year-old African American adolescent boy presented with a 20-lb weight loss, malaise, and arthralgia. Physical examination was unremarkable. CBC showed pancytopenia with a hemoglobin level of 7.9 g/dL, leukocytes 1.2 × 109/L, and platelets 137 × 109/L. Peripheral smear showed occasional dacrocytes and schistocytes. Other testing showed a creatinine level of 1.3 mg/dL, 1+ proteinurea, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 99, iron level of 48 μg/dL, transferrin level of 114 mg/dL, and ferritin level of 1200 ng/mL. The bone marrow was mildly hypocellular, with erythroid hypoplasia, left-shifted granulopoiesis, and no evidence of malignancy. A bone marrow core biopsy was stained with (panel A) hematoxylin and eosin or (panel B) Prussian blue, indicating iron-laden macrophages. Titers of several autoantibodies were elevated, and a renal biopsy revealed nephritis. The final diagnosis was mixed connective tissue disease.
Macrophage iron accumulation occurs in numerous inflammatory states including autoimmune disease, cancer, and infection. Cytokines, including interleukins 6 and 22 and type I interferon, stimulate hepatic secretion of hepcidin, a peptide hormone that binds the iron exporter ferroportin and induces its degradation in macrophages and enterocytes (panel C, from Figure 1 in Andrews NC. Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology. Blood. 2008;112[2]:219-230). The net result is accumulation of iron in macrophages and impaired gut iron absorption. Consequently, iron availability for erythropoiesis is reduced, contributing to anemia of inflammation.
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