Abstract
Background: In multiple myeloma (MM), reproducible criteria of disease response and progression are critical to ensuring consistency in trial analysis and reporting.
Regulatory Agencies responsible for drug approval often require clinical trials use objective endpoints that are evaluated by Independent Response Adjudication Committees (IRACs). The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) has developed objective criteria to define disease evaluability, response, and progression (Durie, Leukemia 2006). However, there are scenarios were IMWG criteria are ambiguous, potentially leading to inconsistency amongst IRAC members or between different IRACs when interpreting response data. To address these practical issues, we developed rules for applying IMWG response criteria to the FIRST trial, the largest study in newly-diagnosed MM (Facon, Blood 2013).
Patients and Methods: FIRST is a pivotal phase III trial for previously untreated patients with MM not eligible for ASCT that enrolled 1623 patients; the primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). At 12 in-person meetings between 2010-2013, the IRAC assessed eligibility, evaluability and response status of all patients after each cycle until PD or study discontinuation. These evaluations were used in the trial’s primary analysis. Response was based on central laboratory values and assessed using IMWG criteria. For circumstances where IMWG criteria were ambiguous, rules were developed through unanimous consensus of IRAC members and then applied uniformly throughout the study.
Results: Rules addressing identified issues on evaluability, response and progressive disease are shown in tables 1-3. Common situations posing a need for rules concerned to measurability, missing laboratory values, timing of BM exam to assess CR, discrepancies between screening and baseline lab values or measurements in the size of extramedullary plasmacytomas
Conclusions: These recommendations provide explicit descriptions of response assessment of the FIRST trial, can be used for a more uniform evaluation and reporting in future clinical studies and can assist investigators’ adherence to clinical trial requirements.
Rules for Use of Data for Evaluation
| Issue . | Recommendation . |
|---|---|
| Light chain (Bence-Jones) myeloma with “non-measurable” serum light chain | Use only 24 hour urine M-spike value for response evaluation, except for complete response (CR) |
| IgG, IgA or IgD myeloma with “non-measurable” serum M-spike values and measurable urine M-spike | Use only urine values for response evaluation except for CR or PD |
| Disease with “measurable” values at screening but “non-measurable” at baseline (cycle 1, day 1) | All assessments not meeting CR or PD should be “non-evaluable (NE)” |
| Missing data for 2 or more consecutive cycles | Consider “NE” for the specific missing cycle assessments |
| M-spike reported as “too small to quantitate” in responding patient | Assign value of 0 to allow subsequent calculation of absolute increase to determine PD |
| Plasmacytoma given prior radiation therapy or located only in bone | Not used for response assessment, except for potential PD |
| Issue . | Recommendation . |
|---|---|
| Light chain (Bence-Jones) myeloma with “non-measurable” serum light chain | Use only 24 hour urine M-spike value for response evaluation, except for complete response (CR) |
| IgG, IgA or IgD myeloma with “non-measurable” serum M-spike values and measurable urine M-spike | Use only urine values for response evaluation except for CR or PD |
| Disease with “measurable” values at screening but “non-measurable” at baseline (cycle 1, day 1) | All assessments not meeting CR or PD should be “non-evaluable (NE)” |
| Missing data for 2 or more consecutive cycles | Consider “NE” for the specific missing cycle assessments |
| M-spike reported as “too small to quantitate” in responding patient | Assign value of 0 to allow subsequent calculation of absolute increase to determine PD |
| Plasmacytoma given prior radiation therapy or located only in bone | Not used for response assessment, except for potential PD |
Rules for Response Assessment
| Issue . | Recommendation . |
|---|---|
| Absence of 2 consecutive negative IFE and simultaneous <5% BMPCs | CR not assigned, assess as VGPR |
| Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) | |
| - Visits until first EMP assessment | Assess as NE |
| - Two consecutive missing EMP assessments | Assess as NE |
| - EMPs not assessed as per protocol | Assess as NE (consider a sensitivity analysis (ignoring EMPs)) |
| - Patients in serologic VGPR, with ³ 50% decrease in EMP, but still present | Assess as PR, until EMPs have disappeared |
| Issue . | Recommendation . |
|---|---|
| Absence of 2 consecutive negative IFE and simultaneous <5% BMPCs | CR not assigned, assess as VGPR |
| Extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMPs) | |
| - Visits until first EMP assessment | Assess as NE |
| - Two consecutive missing EMP assessments | Assess as NE |
| - EMPs not assessed as per protocol | Assess as NE (consider a sensitivity analysis (ignoring EMPs)) |
| - Patients in serologic VGPR, with ³ 50% decrease in EMP, but still present | Assess as PR, until EMPs have disappeared |
Rules for Determining Progressive Disease
| Issue . | Recommendation . |
|---|---|
| Increase in a previously existing EMP or bone lesion as only source of PD | Request verification of radiologist reports before PD is assigned |
| Initiation of a new antimyeloma therapy before documented PD | Censor at the time of last assessment before starting the new therapy |
| PD only based on the BMPCs | Determine reason for BM exam (anemia? bone pain?) before assigning PD |
| Radiation therapy not for pre-planned reasons | Assess as PD |
| PD based on M-protein measurements with no confirmation | Censor unless that PD is considered unequivocal by unanimous agreement of IRAC |
| Issue . | Recommendation . |
|---|---|
| Increase in a previously existing EMP or bone lesion as only source of PD | Request verification of radiologist reports before PD is assigned |
| Initiation of a new antimyeloma therapy before documented PD | Censor at the time of last assessment before starting the new therapy |
| PD only based on the BMPCs | Determine reason for BM exam (anemia? bone pain?) before assigning PD |
| Radiation therapy not for pre-planned reasons | Assess as PD |
| PD based on M-protein measurements with no confirmation | Censor unless that PD is considered unequivocal by unanimous agreement of IRAC |
Blade:Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding. Knop:Celgene: Honoraria. Cohen:Celgene: Honoraria. Shah:Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Millennium Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Array: Consultancy, Research Funding. Meyer:Celgene: Honoraria.
Author notes
Asterisk with author names denotes non-ASH members.
