Background
MRD status is one of the most relevant prognostic factors in transplant-eligible NDMM pts. However, it is perhaps in elderly NDMM pts - the most common pt subgroup, in whom an optimal balance between efficacy and toxicity is of utmost importance - that such sensitive response assessments could help to avoid under- or over-treatment. Although prospective data on MRD in this setting are limited, available findings from recent studies indicate the feasibility and benefit of achieving MRD negativity after induction. As a result, MRD status is increasingly included as an endpoint in clinical trials of transplant-ineligible NDMM pts. However, there are virtually no MRD data from the maintenance phase of treatment in elderly non-transplant NDMM pts.
Aim
Evaluate the impact of evolving MRD kinetics on PFS in non-transplant NDMM pts receiving the oral proteasome inhibitor (PI) ixazomib or placebo as post-induction maintenance therapy in the TOURMALINE-MM4 trial (NCT02312258).
Methods
Pts achieving a partial response (PR) or better as best response following 6-12 months of standard-of-care induction therapy were randomized 3:2 to ixazomib (n=425) or placebo (n=281) for up to 24 months (26 cycles). Stratification factors included prior PI exposure, pre-induction disease stage, age at randomization, and post-induction best response. The primary endpoint was PFS from randomization. Median follow-up was 21.1 months. Correlation of MRD status with outcomes was a prespecified secondary endpoint. Bone marrow aspirate samples were collected at screening (n=386), cycle 13 (n=137), and cycle 26/end of treatment (n=48) from eligible pts and used to evaluate MRD kinetics in those confirmed/suspected to have achieved complete response (CR) at each time point. MRD status was determined using 8-color flow cytometry (estimated sensitivity of 10-5). At screening and post-screening, pts with <CR who were missing MRD data were imputed as MRD+, whereas ongoing pts in CR with missing MRD data were classified as 'missing'. After imputation, 8% and 13% of pts were missing MRD data at screening and post-screening, respectively.
Results
At screening, MRD status was available in 650 pts: 70 were MRD- (ixazomib, n=44/383 [11%]; placebo, n=26/267 [10%]) and 580 MRD+ (ixazomib, n=339 [89%]; placebo, n=241 [90%]). With ixazomib vs placebo there was no difference in PFS from randomization among MRD- pts (24-month rate: 71.7% vs 65.8%), whereas among MRD+ pts a significant improvement was observed (24-month rate: 34.0% vs 16.7%; median 16.6 vs 8.7 months; hazard ratio [HR] 0.599, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.486-0.739, p<0.001).
Overall, among 615 pts with known post-screening MRD status, failure to achieve or maintain MRD- status resulted in a >8-fold increased risk of progression and/or death (HR 8.77; 95% CI 4.13-18.9; p<0.001. In 57 pts with undetectable MRD post-screening (sustained MRD- or converted to MRD-), there was no significant difference in PFS with ixazomib vs placebo. Among 558 pts who were MRD+ post-screening (persistent MRD or converted to MRD+), PFS was significantly prolonged with ixazomib vs placebo (median 13.8 vs 8.5 months; HR 0.701 [95% CI 0.570-0.862], p=0.001).
Data on evolving MRD kinetics (screening and post-screening) were available for 577 pts; 30 were classified as having sustained undetectable MRD (MRD- to MRD-), 19 converted from MRD+ to MRD-, 23 converted from MRD- to MRD+, and 505 had persistent MRD (MRD+ to MRD+). Supporting the validity of MRD- status as a treatment endpoint during maintenance, PFS was longer in pts with sustained undetectable MRD and those converting from MRD+ to MRD- vs those converting from MRD- to MRD+ or with persistent MRD (Figure). Notwithstanding, pts converting from MRD- to MRD+ had significantly better PFS vs pts with persistent MRD (median 23.9 vs 10.2 months, HR 0.440, 95% CI 0.241-0.804, p=0.006).
Conclusions
This analysis of longitudinal MRD assessment during post-induction maintenance therapy in non-transplant NDMM pts demonstrates the prognostic importance of undetectable MRD in this setting, as well as the benefit of continuing treatment with ixazomib maintenance following best response to induction among MRD+ pts. The findings also highlight the need for additional treatment approaches in pts with persistent MRD, and the value of periodic MRD monitoring during maintenance to anticipate clinical relapse upon conversion from MRD- to MRD+ status.
Paiva:Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; Adaptive: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Karyopharm: Consultancy, Honoraria; Kite: Consultancy; SkylineDx: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Giuliani:Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Participation in congresses, Research Funding; Janssen Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Clinical study sponsorship; participation in congresses, Research Funding; Millennium Pharmaceutical: Other: Clinical study sponsorship, Research Funding; GSK: Other: Clinical study sponsorship, Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Participation in congresses. Cavo:Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Karyopharm: Honoraria; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel accomodations, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel accomodations, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Rojas:Roche: Honoraria; Sandoz: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy; Abbvie: Honoraria. Mateos:GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Oncopeptides: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Adaptive: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Seattle Genetics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Regeneron: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Dimopoulos:Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Personal fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Personal fees, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Personal fees; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Personal fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Personal fees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Vorog:Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Current Employment. Li:Takeda Pharmaceuticals Inc.: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Current Employment. Wang:Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Current Employment. Labotka:Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Current Employment. Dash:Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited: Current Employment, Other: Stockholder.
Use of the oral proteasome inhibitor ixazomib as maintenance therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma not undergoing stem cell transplantation
