Abstract
Background: Guadecitabine (G) is a next generation subcutaneous (SC) hypomethylating agent (HMA) resistant to degradation by cytidine deaminase which results in prolonged in vivo exposure to the active metabolite decitabine. We conducted a large global randomized phase 3 study (ASTRAL-2) of G vs TC in AML patients who were either refractory to or relapsed (r/r) after prior anthracycline-based intensive chemotherapy with or without hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT).
Methods: r/r AML patients were randomized to G (60 mg/m 2 SC/d for 10 days in first 1-2 cycles followed by 5-day cycles Q 28 days) vs Treatment Choice (TC). TC were preselected prior to randomization to either low intensity (LI) treatment; high intensity (HI) chemotherapy; or Best Supportive Care (BSC). LI choices were other HMAs of azacitidine or decitabine, or low-dose Ara-C (LDAC) at their standard doses. HI choices were high-dose Ara-C (HiDAC), MEC, or FLAG± Ida combination chemotherapy at standard doses. Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) based on ITT analysis with secondary endpoints including 12 and 24-month survival rates, complete response (CR), event-free survival (EFS), and safety. P values for secondary endpoints and subgroups are nominal as there was no adjustment of p values for multiple analyses.
Results: 302 patients were randomized to G (148) or TC (154). Preselected TCs were mainly LI (77%) predominantly HMAs (86% of the patients randomized to LI), or HI (21%), with only 6 patients (2%) in the BSC subset. Baseline variables were well balanced across the 2 treatment arms. For G vs TC respectively, age ≥65 y in 51.4% vs 40.3% with median age 65y vs 63y, ECOG PS 2 in 15.5% vs 20.8%, poor risk cytogenetics in 44.6% vs 42.2%, refractory AML in 44.6% vs 33.1%, prior HCT in 18.2% vs 26%, a majority of patients were in second or subsequent relapse after ≥ 2 prior therapies (54.7% vs 56.5%).
Median number of treatment cycles was short (3 cycles for G vs 2 cycles for TC). Median follow up was 21.6 months. Most common causes of treatment discontinuation were disease progression (35.2% for G vs 38.1% for TC), or death (15.2% for G vs 18.4% for TC).
Median OS on G was 6.4 months vs 5.4 months for TC and not statistically significant (OS HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67, 1.14, log rank p value 0.3). There was no significant difference in OS between G and each of the LI and HI preselected subsets. However, several other planned prospective subgroups favored G with OS HR 95% CI upper limit ≤ 1.0 including patients <65y (HR 95% CI 0.47, 0.97, p 0.032) ; ECOG PS 0-1 (HR 95% CI 0.57, 1.0, p 0.049); refractory AML (HR 95% CI 0.38, 0.89, p 0.013); lower peripheral blood (PB) disease burden of ≤ 30% PB blasts (HR 95% CI 0.46, 0.92, p 0.015); and those who received at least 4 cycles in either treatment arm (HR 95% CI 0.36, 0.95 , p 0.031). The 12- and 24-month survival rates for G vs TC respectively were 32% vs 26%; and 19% vs 10%. Median EFS was short with 3 months for G vs 2.4 months for TC; log rank p 0.005. CR rate was 12.8% for G vs 7.1% for TC (p 0.051). CR + CR with partial hematologic recovery (CRh) rate was double for G with 16.9% compared to 7.8% for TC (p 0.007). Composite CR (CRc) or CR+ CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate was 27% for G vs 14.3% for TC (p 0.003).
Adverse events (AEs) of grade ≥3, regardless of relationship to treatment, were 89% on G vs 84% on TC. Most common Grade ≥3 AEs for G vs TC respectively were febrile neutropenia (38.6% vs 38.1%); neutropenia (32.4% vs 17%); thrombocytopenia (28.3% vs 29.9%); anemia (21.4% vs 24.5%); pneumonia (18.6% vs 20.4%); and sepsis (11.7 vs 10.9%). None of the differences were significant except for neutropenia (p 0.003).
Summary/Conclusions: In this randomized study in r/r AML after intensive chemotherapy, G did not significantly improve OS compared to standard of care TC composed mainly of LI treatment with other HMAs. The data suggest that G may be better than TC in in some of the secondary endpoints (24-month survival rate, EFS, CR, CR+CRh, and CRc). Prospective subgroup analyses of OS suggest that younger (<65 y), more fit patients (PS 0-1); with lower PB disease burden (PB blasts ≤ 30%), and those who could receive at least 4 cycles may benefit from G. The results of secondary endpoints and subgroup analyses should be interpreted with caution. Grade ≥3 AEs were the expected hematological and infection AEs with no significant differences between G and TC except for significantly higher incidence of neutropenia with G.
Roboz: Actinium: Consultancy; Mesoblast: Consultancy; Janssen: Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy; Astex: Consultancy; AstraZeneca: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Glaxo SmithKline: Consultancy; Blueprint Medicines: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Jasper Therapeutics: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; MEI Pharma - IDMC Chair: Consultancy; Helsinn: Consultancy; Bayer: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Jazz: Consultancy; Otsuka: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Roche/Genentech: Consultancy. Sanz: Janssen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead Sciences: Other: Travel, accommodations, and expenses; Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Roche: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, accommodations, and expenses; Amgen: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, accommodations, and expenses, Speakers Bureau; Helsinn Healthcare: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Abbvie: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, accommodations, and expenses, Research Funding. Griffiths: Novartis: Honoraria; Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; Taiho Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Boston Biomedical: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Research Funding; Takeda Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria. Yee: Forma Therapeutics: Research Funding; Astex: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; F. Hoffmann La Roche: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; TaiHo: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech: Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Paladin: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Otsuka: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVie: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb/Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Onconova: Research Funding; Tolero: Research Funding; Jazz: Research Funding; MedImmune: Research Funding; Geron: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shattuck Labs: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kantarjian: Daiichi-Sankyo: Research Funding; BMS: Research Funding; Ipsen Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Astellas Health: Honoraria; Aptitude Health: Honoraria; KAHR Medical Ltd: Honoraria; Astra Zeneca: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ascentage: Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Immunogen: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; AbbVie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Precision Biosciences: Honoraria; Jazz: Research Funding; NOVA Research: Honoraria; Taiho Pharmaceutical Canada: Honoraria. Recher: Incyte: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Jazz: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Macrogenics: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MaatPharma: Research Funding; Astellas: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; BMS/Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Agios: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Byrne: Karyopharm: Research Funding. Patkowska: Astellas Pharma, Inc.: Consultancy, Other: Travel fees; KCR US, Inc.: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Travel fees; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: Travel fees; Angelini Pharma: Honoraria, Other: Travel fees; Novartis: Honoraria, Other: Travel fees; Servier: Honoraria, Other: Travel fees; Pfizer: Other: Travel fees; AMGEN: Honoraria. Kim: AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AIMS Biosciense: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; AML-Hub: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Astellas: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BL & H: Research Funding; BMS & Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Boryung Pharm Co.: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Handok: Consultancy, Honoraria; LG Chem: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pintherapeutics: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi Genzyme: Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; SL VaxiGen: Consultancy, Honoraria; VigenCell: Consultancy, Honoraria. Stock: Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; amgen: Honoraria; agios: Honoraria; jazz: Honoraria; kura: Honoraria; kite: Honoraria; morphosys: Honoraria; servier: Honoraria; syndax: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pluristeem: Consultancy, Honoraria. Illes: Janssen, Celgene, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda, Roche: Consultancy; Takeda, Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Novartis, Janssen, Pfizer, Roche: Other: Travel, Accommodations, Expenses. Fenaux: Abbvie: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; JAZZ: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene/BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Syros Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. Miyazaki: Pfizer: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Abbvie: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Nippon-Shinyaku: Honoraria; Chugai: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Sumitomo-Dainippon: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas: Honoraria; Eisai: Honoraria; Daiichi-Sankyo: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Kyowa-Kirin: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria. Yamauchi: Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; Abbie: Research Funding; Chugai: Honoraria; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Ono Pharmaceutical: Honoraria; Otsuka: Research Funding; Solasia Pharma: Research Funding. Hao: Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Current Employment. Keer: Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Current Employment. Azab: Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Dohner: Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Research Funding; Berlin-Chemie: Honoraria; Abbvie: Honoraria, Research Funding; AstraZeneca: Honoraria; Agios: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astex Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Astellas: Honoraria, Research Funding; GEMoaB: Honoraria; Gilead: Honoraria; Helsinn: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Oxford Biomedica: Honoraria; Pfizer: Research Funding; Roche: Honoraria.
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