Investigating the Cell States and Prognostic Impact of Tumor Microenvironment Ecosystems in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma

Introduction: Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is distinguished from other cancers by the minute fraction of Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells (1-5%) in the tumor mass. Therefore, the immune-cell rich microenvironment plays a pivotal role in cHL's development, progression, and response to therapy. However, comprehensive characterization of the malignant and immune cell states in cHL has posed significant challenges due to the rarity of HRS cells and the intrinsic heterogeneity of the disease. To address this challenge, we aimed to characterize the immune cell states of cHL using a combination of experimental and bioinformatics approaches.

Methods: We identified patients diagnosed with cHL from 2013-19 managed at participating institutions with either formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE, n = 89) or cryopreserved cell suspensions prepared from excisional biopsies (n = 5). FACS purification of cell populations was performed on our cryopreserved tissues, followed by single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) using 10X Genomics. Subsequently, we used CIBERSORTx to construct a customized signature matrix encompassing the gene expression profiles of 11 distinct cell types, including HRS cells. For our FFPE samples, we performed bulk RNA-seq with digital deconvolution using our signature matrix. Next, we combined the data and employed the EcoTyper machine learning framework to discover dominant cell states and ecosystems using deconvolved transcriptomics data. Validation of our identified cell states was performed in the remaining 2 samples with available scRNA-seq data, and a previously published cHL cohort (n = 110, Steidl et al. NEJM 2010).

Results: Using our discovery set of scRNA-seq samples (n = 45,405 cells), we identified distinct cell phenotypes including the HRS cells. Using these data, we developed a gene expression signature matrix allowing for the deconvolution of bulk transcriptomes from 89 cHL cases. Among 18 patients with tumor and cell-free somatic tumor mutation data, we observed a positive correlation between the HRS cell proportion and Variant Allele Frequencies (VAFs) from tumor or plasma DNA sequencing ( R = 0.71 and 0.69, respectively). Employing the EcoTyper framework, we discovered 26 unique cell states and three conserved cellular communities or “ecotypes” in the 68 bulk transcriptomes (Figure A). To validate the cell states identified in our EcoTyper model, we employed additional scRNA-seq on two validation samples (n = 31,195 cells) and spatial transcriptomics using Visium 10X (n = 4 tumors). We recovered the three established ecotypes and 26 cell states in these datasets and found a significant spatial autocorrelation of the ecotypes, verifying the biological validity of our EcoTyper model. Finally, we observed Ecotype-3 is associated with adverse progression-free survival in our cohort as well as an independent validation cohort (Figure B) after adjustment for clinical stage in a multivariable model (HR = 8.78, P = 0.02).

Conclusions: Our study represents a significant advancement in unraveling the complexities of the cHL cellular landscape. By leveraging innovative methodologies, we have shed light on key cell states and ecotypes within the tumor microenvironment that have prognostic significance, laying the groundwork for potential novel therapeutic avenues. Further validation in additional cohorts may allow ecotypes to risk stratify patients at diagnosis and aid in identification of poor performing subgroups within current low, intermediate, and high-risk groups.