The hematologic characteristics of sickle cell anemia bearing the Bantu haplotype: the relationship between G gamma and HbF level

Previous work has demonstrated that the HbS gene has appeared and expanded three times in Africa in three separate geographic locations and that these three distinct mutational events can be identified by linked DNA polymorphic sites (haplotypes) surrounding the abnormal gene. We have reported that the Senegalese and Beninian haplotypes differ in G gamma expression, mean percentage of HbF, and percentage of dense cells. We now report on the third haplotype, the Bantu, and find that it has intermediate features, namely, the high mean percentage of HbF and low percentage of dense cells associated with the Senegalese haplotype, but with a low percentage of G gamma expression similar to the Beninian haplotype. The distribution of percent HbF is quite different from Senegal haplotype-bearing sickle cell anemia patients since it covers a much wider range. The low G gamma expression is also different from the Beninians since it contains a significant and unique cluster of individuals with lower than 38% G gamma. Interestingly, among the Bantu there is a strong correlation between HbF levels and G gamma expression, which is not seen with the other haplotypes. These findings open the possibility that among the Bantu haplotype-bearing individuals two chromosomal types exist that define different levels of G gamma and HbF expression. Further structural exploration of these two potential subhaplotypes is needed.