Background
Venetoclax (VEN) is a potent B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitor used for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, some patients display marked resistance to VEN, limiting its efficacy. BCL-2 is overexpressed in AML cells, and acts as both an inhibitor of apoptosis and autophagy, indicating an interaction between these two pathways in AML which may provide insight into the origins of resistance, though specific molecular and biological changes remain unknown.
Objective
To investigate the interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in mediating VEN resistance via genomic and gene expression analysis of VEN-treated AML patient cells, as well as identify and characterize key autophagic and biological changes in VEN resistant AML cells.
Methods
Gene expression analysis was performed on 176 specimens with both RNA-seq and VEN drug sensitivity screen data from the BEAT AML patient dataset using DESeq2 to identify differentially expressed genes. These genes were cross matched with 199 autophagy-associated genes, then further refined via selecting druggable targets or known key regulators of autophagy to identify specific genes of interest. Genes of interest were further investigated in cell lines via qRT-PCR and Western blotting.
Resistant cell lines were generated from MV4-11 and MOLM13 cell lines via culturing in increasing concentrations of VEN for 14 weeks. Autophagic flux reporter lines were generated via viral transduction with an RFP-GFP-LC3 tandem reporter. Molecular and biological changes were then investigated in VEN-resistant cells.
Results
Gene expression analysis of the BEAT-AML dataset revealed 2,788 genes to be significantly elevated with a corrected p value <0.01 in VEN-resistant patients. When compared to a list of 199 autophagy-associated genes, 56 were identified from those 2,788 elevated genes. From this, 11 genes were short listed for further investigation due to their roles as druggable targets or known key autophagic regulators. RT-PCR in several cell lines revealed from this shortlist that ULK1 exhibited highly elevated expression in resistant lines, which was confirmed via western blotting of both phosphorylation and total ULK1 protein levels (ULK1: > 2-fold, p < 0.01; pULK1: > 2-fold, p < 0.01)
VEN resistance was confirmed in our newly generated resistant lines via cell viability and apoptosis assays, with resistant lines showing a marked lack of response to VEN compared to parental lines (40-fold , p < 0.001). Inhibition of ULK1 via SBI-0206965 and a more potent inhibitor, SBP-7455, re-sensitized resistant cell lines to VEN, with increased cell killing seen in co-treatment of ULK1 inhibitor and VEN resulting in decreased viability compared to treatment of VEN alone (> 2-fold decrease, p < 0.01). Notably, there was no significant decrease in viability with ULK1 inhibitor treatment alone without VEN. Apoptosis assays further confirmed this, with increased levels of apoptotic and necrotic cells under co-treatment conditions.
Analysis of autophagy-related processes specifically further revealed dysregulation in this process in resistant cells. Imaging displayed increased autophagic puncta in resistant lines under starvation conditions (2-fold, p < 0.0001), indicating increased autophagic activity, corresponding with increased ULK1 and pULK1 expression. This increased activity was further confirmed via western blotting, with resistant cells showing increased expression of autophagy-associated genes and cleavage.
Conclusion
We have discovered that ULK1, a necessary inducer of autophagy, displays increased expression and activity in VEN-resistant AML cells, and that these cells experience dysregulated autophagic processes. Inhibition of ULK1 via SBI and SBP inhibitors sensitizes VEN-resistant cells to VEN, indicating a potential strategy to combat VEN resistance in AML.
Keywords
AML stem cells, drug resistance, Venetoclax, Autophagy, ULK1, BCL-2
Disclosures
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
