Introduction: Transfusional hemosiderosis is common in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). There are multiple retrospective analyses demonstrating a survival benefit associated with iron chelation therapy (ICT) in lower risk, transfusion dependent (TD) MDS patients. However, these studies are limited by their retrospective nature, potential for bias and by the use of risk scores at diagnosis rather than at the onset of TD. Since January 2012 the Canadian MDS Registry has prospectively collected disease and patient-related data on MDS patients including comorbidity (Charlson and MDS-CI), frailty (Rockwood clinical frailty scale) and disability [Lawton Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (sIADL)]. We compared characteristics and clinical outcomes of lower risk TD MDS patients who received ICT to non chelated TD patients, adjusting for MDS and patient-related factors.

Methods: Only patients who remained International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) low or intermediate (int)-1 risk at the time of first TD were included with MDS and patient-related factors analyzed at first TD rather than at MDS diagnosis or registry enrollment. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine significant predictive factors for overall survival (OS) and the model with the highest R2 was selected.

Results: 219 Low (n=69)/Int-1 (n=149) risk MDS patients at the time of first TD were included. Median age was 73 [interquartile range (IQR 65,80)] with a median time from diagnosis until TD of 7 months (IQR 1,28). 60% were male with a median ECOG of 1 and median blast of 3% (IQR 1,4). By WHO classification, 39% and 37% had unilineage and multilineage dysplasia respectively, 11% CMML and 13% had excess blasts. By IPSS-revised (R), very low, low, intermediate, high and very high risk groups were 12%, 34%, 38%, 15% and 0.5%, respectively. Seventy (32%) patients received ICT with desferrioxamine (n=6), deferasirox (n=56) or both (n=8). At the time of first TD, chelated patients were younger, had higher ferritins and had lower IPSS-R risk scores (Table 1). Importantly, frailty, comorbidity, and disability scores did not differ. At a median follow up of 2.7 (IQR 2.2-3.3) years from diagnosis, OS was 6.1(IQR 4.5-7.5) years. OS was significantly improved among MDS patients treated with ICT as compared to those without (median 8.62 vs. 4.38 years, respectively, p = 0.0005, Figure 1.) By univariate analysis, age, ICT, IPSS, IPSS-R, MDS-CI, frailty, karyotype, time from diagnosis until TD, and disability were associated with improved OS. By multivariate analysis, ICT, age at TD and IPSS-R at TD were independently predictive of OS (Table 2).

Conclusions: Adjusting for patient and disease related factors at the time of TD, ICT remains predictive of improved OS in patients with low/int-1 risk MDS who become TD. The adjustment for patient-related factors and analysis from TD rather than MDS diagnosis, diminishes the impact of selection bias that may have favored ICT patients in past analyses and lends additional support to the role for ICT in lower risk MDS.

Table 1.

Comparing Clinical Factors at the time of First Transfusion Dependency (TD) between Chelated and Non-Chelated Patients

Factors at Time of TD
Median (IQR)		Without Iron Chelation (n=149)With Iron Chelation (n=70)p-value
Age (y)  75 (67,81) 69 (62,75) 0.0008 
Ferritin (ug/L) 664 (346,1118)
n=92 		1201 (883,1691)
n=44 		<0.0001 
RA/RARS, del5q, MDS-U, RCUD [N(%)] RCMD+/-RS
CMML/MDS/MPN
RAEB1
RAEB2 		51 (34)
56(38)
18 (12)
17 (11)
7 (4) 		35 (50)
25 (36)
3 (4)
6(9)
1(1) 		0.11 
IPSS [N(%)]
Low
Int-1 		42 (28)
106 (72) 		27 (39)
43 (61) 		0.16 
IPSS-R [N(%)]
Very Low
Low
Intermediate
High
Very High 		15 (10)
48 (32)
54 (36)
30 (20)
1 (0) 		12 (17)
26 (37)
29 (41)
3 (4)
0 (0) 		0.01 
Frailty  N=96
3 (2,4) 		N=37
3 (2,4) 		0.40 
Charlson Comorbidity  N=95
1 (0,2) 		N=37
0(0, 1) 		0.06 
MDS-CI  N=95
1 (0,2) 		N=37
0 (0,2) 		0.26 
Lawton Brody Disability  N=90
1 (0,2) 		N=36
0 (0,2) 		0.68 
Time from diagnosis until TD (mo) 6 (1,23) 14 (0,38) 0.19 
Factors at Time of TD
Median (IQR)		Without Iron Chelation (n=149)With Iron Chelation (n=70)p-value
Age (y)  75 (67,81) 69 (62,75) 0.0008 
Ferritin (ug/L) 664 (346,1118)
n=92 		1201 (883,1691)
n=44 		<0.0001 
RA/RARS, del5q, MDS-U, RCUD [N(%)] RCMD+/-RS
CMML/MDS/MPN
RAEB1
RAEB2 		51 (34)
56(38)
18 (12)
17 (11)
7 (4) 		35 (50)
25 (36)
3 (4)
6(9)
1(1) 		0.11 
IPSS [N(%)]
Low
Int-1 		42 (28)
106 (72) 		27 (39)
43 (61) 		0.16 
IPSS-R [N(%)]
Very Low
Low
Intermediate
High
Very High 		15 (10)
48 (32)
54 (36)
30 (20)
1 (0) 		12 (17)
26 (37)
29 (41)
3 (4)
0 (0) 		0.01 
Frailty  N=96
3 (2,4) 		N=37
3 (2,4) 		0.40 
Charlson Comorbidity  N=95
1 (0,2) 		N=37
0(0, 1) 		0.06 
MDS-CI  N=95
1 (0,2) 		N=37
0 (0,2) 		0.26 
Lawton Brody Disability  N=90
1 (0,2) 		N=36
0 (0,2) 		0.68 
Time from diagnosis until TD (mo) 6 (1,23) 14 (0,38) 0.19 
View Large

Table 2.

Predictive factors for Overall Survival by Multivariate Analysis

Predictive Factorsp-valueHR95% CI of HRR2 (%)
Iron chelation (no vs. yes) 0.0152 1.821 1.122 2.953 14.76 
Age at time of diagnosis (yr) 0.0125 1.025 1.005 1.045 
IPSS-R at time of TD 0.0018  
High/vHigh vs. Low 0.0004 2.866 1.601 5.132 
Int. vs. Low/vLow 0.0775 1.523 0.955 2.429 
High/vHigh vs. Low 0.0292 1.882 1.066 3.322 
Predictive Factorsp-valueHR95% CI of HRR2 (%)
Iron chelation (no vs. yes) 0.0152 1.821 1.122 2.953 14.76 
Age at time of diagnosis (yr) 0.0125 1.025 1.005 1.045 
IPSS-R at time of TD 0.0018  
High/vHigh vs. Low 0.0004 2.866 1.601 5.132 
Int. vs. Low/vLow 0.0775 1.523 0.955 2.429 
High/vHigh vs. Low 0.0292 1.882 1.066 3.322 
View Large

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier Curve of Overall Survival of Chelated and Non-Chelated Patients
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Kaplan-Meier Curve of Overall Survival of Chelated and Non-Chelated Patients

Figure 1.
Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier Curve of Overall Survival of Chelated and Non-Chelated Patients
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Kaplan-Meier Curve of Overall Survival of Chelated and Non-Chelated Patients

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Disclosures

Leitch:Alexion: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Exjade: Speakers Bureau. Wells:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Alexion: Honoraria, Research Funding. Nevill:Celgene: Honoraria. Zhu:Novartis Canada: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene Canada: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Yee:Oncoethix: Research Funding; Novartis Canada: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Celgene Canada: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Leber:Celgene Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Sabloff:Celgene: Honoraria. Kumar:Celgene Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Geddes:Celgene: Honoraria. Storring:Celgene Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kew:Celgene: Honoraria. Shamy:Novartis Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Elemary:Celgene Canada: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Buckstein:Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding.

Topics:
iron chelation therapy, transfusion, prostatic hypertrophy risk score, frailty, risk reduction, deferasirox, ferritin, leukemia, myelomonocytic, chronic, deferoxamine, dysplasia

Author notes

*

Asterisk with author names denotes non-ASH members.

© 2015 by The American Society of Hematology
2015
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